Modelo impreso en 3D para entrenamiento en ureteroscopia flexible, una opción de bajo coste para el entrenamiento quirúrgico / 3D printed model for flexible ureteroscopy training, a low-cost option for surgical training

Introducción La práctica en modelos experimentales es una opción válida que mejora los resultados y acorta las curvas de aprendizaje de las técnicas quirúrgicas.Nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar un modelo en plástico, impreso en 3D para la docencia, el entrenamiento y la formación en ureteroscopia flexible, analizando costes e idoneidad para la práctica de esta técnica quirúrgica.Métodos Se elaboró un modelo impreso en 3D a partir de una tomografía axial computarizada de una vía urinaria superior de un paciente real. La segmentación se llevó a cabo mediante el software HorosTM y la impresión mediante una impresora FDM-Ultimaker.Se numeró los cálices renales para ser identificados, como en el plan de formación de tratamiento endoscópico de litiasis, ejercicio 4, de la Asociación Europea de Urología.Se utilizaron: un ureteroscopio flexible desechable Innovex (Palex) y cestillas de nitinol (Coloplast).Resultados El tiempo de impresión fue de 19h, con un coste total de 8,77€.El modelo tridimensional permitió la introducción del ureteroscopio flexible y la exploración de los cálices renales por parte de urólogos tanto en formación como en ejercicio actual de la especialidad sin dificultad.El modelo también permitió la utilización de cestillas y la movilización y extracción de litiasis previamente colocadas.Conclusión Damos a conocer un modelo tridimensional válido para ejercicios de formación en ureteroscopia flexible con unos costes razonables, que permitirá adquirir la destreza y la confianza necesaria para iniciar el procedimiento en un escenario real (AU)

Introduction Training in experimental models is a valid option that improves the outcomes and shortens surgical learning curves.Our objective was to develop a 3D printed plastic model for teaching, training and education in flexible ureteroscopy, analyzing costs and suitability for the practice of this surgical technique.Methods A 3D printed model was developed based on a CT scan from a real-life patient's upper urinary tract. HorosTM software was used for segmentation and an FDM-Ultimaker for 3D printing.Renal calyces were numbered to be identified, as in the European Association of Urology Endoscopic Stone Treatment training curriculum, Task 4.The following were used: Innovex single-use flexible ureteroscope (Palex) and nitinol baskets (Coloplast).Results Printing time was 19hours, with a total cost of €8.77.The three-dimensional model allowed the insertion of the flexible ureteroscope and the exploration of the renal calyces by urologists in training as well as in current practice of the specialty without difficulty.The model also allowed the use of baskets and the mobilization and removal of previously placed stones.Conclusion We unveil a valid three-dimensional model for flexible ureteroscopy training exercises with reasonable costs, which will allow acquiring the necessary skills and confidence to initiate the procedure in a real-life scenario (AU)

3D printed model for flexible ureteroscopy training, a low-cost option for surgical training.

INTRODUCTION: Training in experimental models is a valid option that improves the outcomes and shortens surgical learning curves. Our objective was to develop a 3D printed plastic model for teaching, training and education in flexible ureteroscopy, analyzing costs and suitability for the practice of this surgical technique. METHODS: A 3D printed model was developed based on a CT scan from a real-life patient's upper urinary tract. Horos™ software was used for segmentation and an FDM-Ultimaker for 3D printing. Renal calyces were numbered to be identified, as in the European Association of Urology Endoscopic Stone Treatment training curriculum, Task 4. The following were used: Innovex single-use flexible ureteroscope (Palex) and nitinol baskets (Coloplast). RESULTS: Printing time was 19 h, with a total cost of €8.77. The three-dimensional model allowed the insertion of the flexible ureteroscope and the exploration of the renal calyces by urologists in training as well as in current practice of the specialty without difficulty. The model also allowed the use of baskets and the mobilization and removal of previously placed stones. CONCLUSION: We unveil a valid three-dimensional model for flexible ureteroscopy training exercises with reasonable costs, which will allow acquiring the necessary skills and confidence to initiate the procedure in a real-life scenario.

Incidencia del carcinoma transicional del tracto urinario superior en España / Incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in Spain

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El objetivo primario del presente estudio es conocer la incidencia real de los tumores transicionales del tracto urinario superior (TTUS) en nuestro medio. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico prospectivo y multicéntrico desarrollado en 31 centros hospitalarios españoles a través de la Plataforma de Investigación de Estudios Multicéntricos (PIEM) de la Asociación Española de Urología (AEU). El reclutamiento se inició el 01 de mayo de 2017, finalizando el 30 de abril de 2018. La base de datos final incluyó 402 casos válidos. El manejo estadístico de los datos se realizó mediante el software SPSS V 23 y EPIDAT V 3.4. RESULTADOS: Incidencia ajustada por edad a la población española de 3,27 casos/100.000 habitantes/año (2,93-3,61, IC 95%); para la población europea fue de 3,3 (2,96-3,66, IC 95%). La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 70 años, siendo el 77% de los pacientes varones. El diagnóstico fue incidental en el 34% de los casos. La localización más frecuente fue la pielocalicial (54%), seguida por el uréter distal (22%). La ureterorrenoscopia previa al tratamiento definitivo se realizó en 114 pacientes, modificando la indicación inicial del tratamiento en el 58% de los casos. La nefrectomía radical fue el tratamiento empleado en 311 pacientes; en 76 casos (20% del total) el tratamiento fue conservador. Se registraron complicaciones en el 69% de los casos tratados, la mayoría Clavien 1 y 2 (86% de todas las complicaciones). La mortalidad postoperatoria global fue de 1,76%, asociada únicamente a la realización de nefroureterectomía. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia ajustada por edad de los TTUS es de 3,27 en España y de 3,3 en Europa. La ureterorrenoscopia como elemento de diagnóstico permite modificar la indicación inicial del tratamiento en el 58% de los pacientes

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of upper urinary tract tumors is currently unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the real incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, prospective and multicenter epidemiological study was conducted in 31 Spanish facilities by means of the Platform for Multicenter Studies of the Spanish Association of Urology. Recruitment was opened from May 1st, 2017 to April 30th, 2018. The original database was exported directly from the electronic Data Collection Logbook on December 15th, 2018, with a total of 404 cases registered (402 valid cases after depuration). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software V 23 and EPIDAT V 3.4. RESULTS: The incidence adjusted to Spanish population from raw data was 3.27 cases per 100.000 inhabitants per year (2.93 - 3.61 95% CI) and 3,3 cases per 100.000 inhabitants per year (2.96-3.66 95%CI) when adjusted to European population by age. The mean age at diagnosis was 70 years, and 77% of patients were male. Thirty-four percent of patients had an incidental diagnosis. Tumors were most commonly located in the pyelocalyceal system (54%), followed by the distal ureter (22%). Prior ureteroscopy was performed in 114 patients: this technique modified the subsequent treatment indication in 58% of cases. Radical nephroureterectomy was performed in 311 patients. Kidney-sparing surgery was the elected treatment in 76 patients (20%). Complications were found in 69% of cases, most of them classified as Clavien 1 and 2 (86% of all complications). Postoperative mortality rate was 1.7%. CONCLUSIONS: UTUC adjusted incidence rate in Spain is 3.27 and 3.3 in Europe. Prior URS modified the treatment indication in 18% of patients. We found a 69% complication rate and a 1.7% mortality rate

Incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in Spain. / Incidencia del carcinoma transicional del tracto urinario superior en España.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of upper urinary tract tumors is currently unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the real incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, prospective and multicenter epidemiological study was conducted in 31 Spanish facilities by means of the Platform for Multicenter Studies of the Spanish Association of Urology. Recruitment was opened from May 1st, 2017 to April 30th, 2018. The original database was exported directly from the electronic Data Collection Logbook on December 15th, 2018, with a total of 404 cases registered (402 valid cases after depuration). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software v 23 and EPIDAT v 3.4. RESULTS: The incidence adjusted to Spanish population from raw data was 3.27 cases per 100.000 inhabitants per year (2.93 - 3.61 95% CI) and 3,3 cases per 100.000 inhabitants per year (2.96-3.66 95%CI) when adjusted to European population by age. The mean age at diagnosis was 70 years, and 77% of patients were male. Thirty-four percent of patients had an incidental diagnosis. Tumors were most commonly located in the pyelocalyceal system (54%), followed by the distal ureter (22%). Prior ureteroscopy was performed in 114 patients: this technique modified the subsequent treatment indication in 58% of cases. Radical nephroureterectomy was performed in 311 patients. Kidney-sparing surgery was the elected treatment in 76 patients (20%). Complications were found in 69% of cases, most of them classified as Clavien 1 and 2 (86% of all complications). Postoperative mortality rate was 1.7%. CONCLUSIONS: UTUC adjusted incidence rate in Spain is 3.27 and 3.3 in Europe. Prior URS modified the treatment indication in 18% of patients. We found a 69% complication rate and a 1.7% mortality rate.

[Laparoscopic urinary diversions]. / Derivaciones urinarias laparoscópicas.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of the invasive bladder cancer and the recurrent T1G3 is clearly established in radical cystectomy and pelvic linphadenectomy. One of the fields where the laparoscopic approach implies more doubts is the treatment of bladder cancer, because it requires experience enough in pelvic laparoscopic surgery and the urinary diversion implies great technical difficulties to the laparoscopic approach. OBJECTIVES: The main goal of this article is to report our results with the urinary diversion after laparoscopic radical cystectomy where the ureteral anastomosis has been performed by a laparoscopic approach. METHODS: From January 2005 to December 2007 we have performed 67 laparoscopic radical cistectomies. We conducted 28 laparoscopic urinary diversions with our technique: 7 neobladder with an average age of 54, 85 years and 21 ileal conduit with an average age of 69, 15 years. RESULTS: The averagesurgical time for enterocistoplasty with laparoscopic urethral and ureteral anastomosis is of 5 hours and 30 minutes. For the cutaneous ureteroileostomy with laparoscopic ureteral anastomosis the average surgical time has been of 4 hours and 30 minutes. We have had 1 case of urinary leakage in the laparoscopic neobladder and 3 cases in the laparoscopic ileal conduit (14%). We have not intestinal dehiscence nor ileal-ureteric stenosis. The average hospital stay for laparoscopic neobladder is for the 85% of cases of 13.6 days, and of 11.8 days for the 77.7% of ileal ureteric laparoscopies. DISCUSSION: The laparoscopic radical cystectomy is still a procedure reserved for groups with great experience in laparoscopic surgery. Nowadays, the most accepted procedure by most groups includes perform the cystectomy by a laparoscopic approach and the urinary diversion by an open approach. There is no evidence of the advantages of laparoscopic urinary diversion. It is necessary to perform comparative studies to clearly define the role of laparoscopic surgery in the urinary diversion.

Derivaciones urinarias laparoscópicas / Laparoscopic urinary diversions

Introducción: El tratamiento del cáncer vesical infiltrante y el carcinoma superficial de alto grado recidivante está claramente establecido en la cistectomía radical y linfadenectomía pelviana. Uno de los campos que más dudas plantea en su abordaje por vía laparoscópica es el tratamiento radical del cáncer vesical, que exige experiencia en cirugía laparoscópica pelviana y en el que la derivación urinaria presenta grandes dificultades técnicas a su abordaje laparoscópico. Objetivos: El objetivo fundamental de este artículo es comunicar nuestros resultados con las derivaciones urinarias tras cistectomía radical laparoscópica en las que hemos llevado a cabo las anastomosis ureteroileales por vía laparoscópica. Material y Métodos: Desde enero del 2005 hasta diciembre 2007 hemos completado 67 cistectomías radicales laparoscópicas. Hemos realizado un total de 28 derivaciones urinarias laparoscópicas según nuestra técnica, siendo en 7 pacientes enterocistoplastias de sustitución con una edad media de 54,85 años y en 21 pacientes ureteroileostomía cutánea con una edad media de 69,15 años. Resultados: El tiempo quirúrgico medio de la enterocistoplastia con anastomosis uretral y ureteral laparoscópicas es de 5 h y 30 min. Para la ureteroileostomía cutánea con anastomosis ureteral laparoscópica el tiempo quirúrgico medio ha sido de 4hs.y 30 min. Hemos tenido 1 caso de fuga urinaria en las neovejigas laparoscópicas y 3 casos en los conductos ileales laparoscópicos (14%). No hemos tenido ningún caso de dehiscencia intestinal ni de estenosis ureteroileal. La estancia media de las neovejigas es de 13,6 días para el 85% de los casos y de 11,8 días para el 77,7% de las ureteroileostomías laparoscópicas. Discusión: La cistectomía radical laparoscópica constituye un procedimiento todavía relegado a centros con gran experiencia en cirugía laparoscópica. El procedimiento más aceptado por la mayoría de los grupos incluye realizar la cistectomía por vía laparoscópica y la derivación urinaria por vía abierta. No existen evidencias sobre las posibles ventajas de las derivaciones urinarias por vía laparoscópica. En cualquier caso, son necesarios estudios comparativos para definir claramente el papel de la cirugía laparoscópica en las derivaciones urinarias (AU)

Introduction: The treatment of the invasive bladder cancer and the recurrent T1G3 is clearly established in radical cystectomy and pelvic linphadenectomy. One of the fields where the laparoscopic approach implies more doubts is the treatment of bladder cancer, because it requires experience enough in pelvic laparoscopic surgery and the urinary diversion implies great technical difficulties to the laparoscopic approach. Objetives: The main goal of this article is to report our results with the urinary diversion after laparoscopic radical cystectomywhere the ureteral anastomosis has been performed by a laparoscopic approach. Methods: From January 2005 to December 2007 we have performed 67 laparoscopic radical cistectomies. We conducted 28laparoscopic urinary diversions with our technique: 7 neobladder with an average age of 54,85 years and 21 ileal conduit with an average age of 69,15 years. Results: The average surgical time for enterocistoplasty with laparoscopic urethral and ureteral anastomosis is of 5 hours and30 minutes. For the cutaneous ureteroileostomy with laparoscopic ureteral anastomosis the average surgical time has been of 4hours and 30 minutes. We have had 1 case of urinary leakage in the laparoscopic neobladder and 3 cases in the laparoscopic ileal conduit (14%). We have not intestinal dehiscence nor ileal-ureteric stenosis. The average hospital stay for laparoscopic neobladder is for the 85% of cases of 13,6 days , and of 11,8 days for the 77,7% of ileal ureteric laparoscopies. Discussion: The laparoscopic radical cystectomy is still a procedure reserved for groups with great experience in laparoscopic surgery. Nowadays, the most accepted procedure by most groups includes perform the cystectomy by a laparoscopic approach and the urinary diversion by an open approach. There is no evidence of the advantages of laparoscopic urinary diversion. Itis necessary to perform comparative studies to clearly define the role of laparoscopic surgery in the urinary diversion (AU)

[Leukemic infiltration of the urinary bladder. A new case and literature review]. / Infiltración vesical por leucemia linfoblástica aguda. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

We expose you one case of leukemic infiltration of the urinary bladder. This kind of infiltration is rare so we reviewed the literature finding 14 cases since 1932. Although this hematological infiltration is very unusual, it should be considered in patients with leukemia and hematuria.

Infiltración vesical por leucemia linfoblástica aguda. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Leukemic infiltration of the urinary bladder. A new case and literature review

Exponemos el caso de un paciente con infiltración vesical por Leucemia Aguda Linfoblástica. Debido a lo infrecuente de su presentación, revisamos la literatura publicada hasta el momento encontrando14 casos desde 1932. Aunque excepcional, en un paciente que presenta hematuria de novo o repetida y ha tenido como antecedentes alguna enfermedad hematológica, debemos pensar en la infiltración vesical por la leucemia como posible diagnóstico diferencial (AU)

We expose you one case of leukemic infiltration of the urinary bladder. This kind of infiltration is rare so we reviewed the literature finding 14 cases since 1932. Although this hematological infiltration is very unusual, it should be considered in patients with leukemia and hematuria (AU)

[Laparoscopic augmentation enterocystoplasty: initial experience]. / Enterocistoplastia de ampliación laparoscópica: experiencia inicial.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the initial experience of our group in the realization of the augmentation enterocystoplasty by laparoscopyc approach. METHODS AND PATIENTS: We describe the augmentation enterocystoplasty technique with ileal segment completely achieved by laparoscopyc approach. We present the cases of two patients suffering from hyperreflexic bladder refractory to medical treatment who underwent this surgery. In both cases the technique was realized without intraoperative complications although it was needed a surgical time of 6 and 4.5 hours respectively. The results after 12 and 5 months were satisfactory in both patients, obtaining a low pressure bladder with a good continence. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopyc augmentation enterocystoplasty is a complicated technique that requires a great experience, mainly in laparoscopyc suture. It reproduces completely the open surgery and it offers all the advantages inherent to the laparoscopyc surgery.

Enterocistoplastia de ampliación laparoscópica: experiencia inicial / Laparoscopic augmentation enterocystoplasty: inicial experience

Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia inicial de nuestro grupo en la realización de enterocistoplastia de ampliación por vía laparoscópica. Pacientes y métodos: Describimos la técnica de enterocistoplastia de ampliación con segmento ileal realizada completamente mediante abordaje laparoscópico. Presentamos los casos de dos pacientes diagnosticados de vejiga hiperrefléxica refractaria a tratamiento médico que fueron sometidos a esta intervención. En ambos casos la técnica se realizó sin complicaciones intraoperatorias, aunque requirió un tiempo quirúrgico de 6 y 4,5 horas respectivamente. Los resultados con un seguimiento de 12 y 6 meses fueron satisfactorios en ambos, consiguiendo una vejiga de baja presión con una buena continencia. Conclusiones: La enterocistoplastia de ampliación laparoscópica es una técnica compleja, que requiere una amplia experiencia, sobre todo en sutura laparoscópica. Reproduce absolutamente a la técnica abierta y aporta las ventajas inherentes al abordaje laparoscópico

Objective: To analyze the initial experience of our group in the realization of the augmentation enterocystoplasty by laparoscopyc approach. Methods and patients: We describe the augmentation enterocystoplasty technique with ileal segment completely achieved by laparoscopyc approach. We present the cases of two patients suffering from hyperreflexic bladder refractory to medical treatment who underwent this surgery. In both cases the technique was realized without intraoperative complications although it was needed a surgical time of 6 and 4,5 hours respectively. The results after 12 and 5 months were satisfactory in both patients, obtaining a low pressure bladder with a good continence. Conclusions: Laparoscopyc augmentation enterocystoplasty is a complicated technique that requires a great experience, mainly in laparoscopyc suture. It reproduces completely the open surgery and it offers all the advantages inherent to the laparoscopyc surgery

Suprarrenalectomía abierta y laparoscópica. Revisión de 10 años / Open and laparoscopic adrenalectomy. 10 years review

Presentamos los resultados de la revisión de los 10 últimos años de suprarrenalectomías abiertas realizadas en nuestro Servicio, así como el impacto de la suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica introducida en el último año dentro del programa de cirugía laparoscópica retroperitoneal del Hospital Universitario La Paz. La primera adrenalectomía laparoscópica se realizó tras 21 intervenciones retroperitoneales. La experiencia inicial ha sido lo suficientemente buena como para reducir progresivamente las contraindicaciones y aumentar el número de cirugías realizadas con dicha técnica

We present a 10 years open adrenalectomy review in our Service and the beginning of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in the last year as a part of the retroperitoneal laparoscopic program at the Hospital Universitario La Paz . The first laparoscopic adrenalectomy was done after 21 retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgeries. Our initial experience has been so good that we have reduced the contraindications for this technique and we have increased the number of laparoscopic surgery cases

Implantación de un programa de prostatectomía radical laparoscópica / Develop of a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program in an university center

En el deseo de éste artículo, está expresar nuestra experiencia a la hora de poner en práctica un programa de prostatectomía radical laparoscópica. Pensamos que puede ser interesante, de cara a implantar un programa de éste tipo, conocer cuáles fueron nuestras dificultades al inicio. Esperamos que en la medida de lo posible, podamos facilitar ésta difícil tarea, explicando qué pasos hemos seguido y cuáles son nuestras conclusiones y recomendaciones

The aim of this article is to report our experience in setting up a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy programme. We believe that knowledge of the difficulties we faced at the start will be useful for those who wish to implement a programme like ours. We hope that by explaining the steps we took as well as our conclusions and recommendations this difficult task can be made easier

[Open and laparoscopic adrenalectomy. 10 years review]. / Suprarrenalectomía abierta y laparoscópica. Revisión de 10 años.

We present a 10 years open adrenalectomy review in our Service and the beginning of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in the last year as a part of the retroperitoneal laparoscopic program at the Hospital Universitario La Paz . The first laparoscopic adrenalectomy was done after 21 retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgeries. Our initial experience has been so good that we have reduced the contraindications for this technique and we have increased the number of laparoscopic surgery cases.

[Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery; initial experience in the Hospital La Paz]. / Cirugía retroperitoneal laparoscópica; experiencia de los 6 primeros meses del Hospital La Paz.

We present the initial results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery in the Hospital Universitario La Paz from July 2004 to December 2004. The program started after 2 years of pelvic laparoscopy surgery practice. The initial experience has been so good that we have reduced the contraindications for this technique and we have increased the number of laparoscopic surgery cases.

Cirugía retroperitoneal laparoscópica; experiencia de los 6 primeros meses del Hospital la Paz / Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery; initial experience in the Hospital La Paz

Presentamos los resultados iniciales del programa de cirugía laparoscópica retroperitoneal del Hospital Universitario La Paz desde julio de 2004 hasta diciembre de 2004. El programa se inició tras 2 años de experiencia en cirugía laparoscópica pélvica. La experiencia inicial ha sido lo suficientemente buena como para reducir progresivamente las contraindicaciones y aumentar el número de cirugías realizadas con dicha técnica (AU)

We present the initial results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery in the Hospital Universitario La Paz from july 2004 to december 2004. The program started after 2 years of pelvic laparoscopy surgery practice. The initial experience has been so good that we have reduced the contraindications for this technique and we have increased the number of laparoscopic surgery cases (AU)